hpv statistics in the philippines

Inclusion criteria for case subjects were that they had a histologically confirmed cerv… No clear association of risk of squamous cell carcinoma with smoking was observed in our previous studies in Spain, Colombia, Brazil, Morocco, and Thailand. The effect of number of sexual partners decreased and became nonsignificant after adjustment for HPV (P for trend = .7). Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. According to a study by the University of the Philippines- Department of Health Cervical Cancer Screening Health Operations Research Project, the VIA was found to be the most effective and cost-effective screening method. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172240, Editor: Francisco Aguayo, Universidad de Chile, CHILE, Received: October 21, 2016; Accepted: February 1, 2017; Published: February 15, 2017. HPV11 DNA was detected in both FFPE and the corresponding fresh frozen tissue samples, which were both available for molecular analyses. In addition, we were able to estimate the risk linked to some of these HPV types for the two main histologic types of cervical cancer: squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinomacarcinoma. * E-mail: psalbano@ust.edu.ph, p.albano2013@gmail.com, Affiliations Among control subjects, the three most common types of HPV were also the most commonly detected in cervical cancer, i.e., HPV types 16, 18, and 45, which has also been the case in our previous case- control studies in Colombia and Spain (1,3) and Brazil (2). Partially supported by grants from the European Community (CI 1-0371-F[CD]) and the Preventiefonds (No. Yes Three specially trained female technicians administered the interview to all case and control subjects. The most common HPV type in women with squamous cell carcinoma was HPV type 16 followed by HPV types 18, 45, 52, and 51; in women with adenocarcinomacarcinoma, HPV type 18 was the most common type followed by types 16 and 45. Genomic DNA from the fresh frozen sections was extracted by MagNA Pure 96 DNA and viral NA Large Volume Kit (Roche, Penzberg, Germany) following the manufacturer’s recommendations. For lack of facilities and financial constraints, it is not the practice among hospitals and clinics in the Philippines to collect and store fresh frozen tissues for prospective molecular analyses. S. de Sanjosé. Here are some additional facts and statistics about HPV infection: The CDC estimates that 79 million Trusted Source Americans have HPV. Gynecology Clinics Communication Public health Pediatrics Diagnostics. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy is associated with decreased functional brain connectivity. The relative prevalence of HPV-associated OPSCC also varies substantially among geographical regions, being highest (29%-93%) among cases from economically developed countries [3, 7]. From April 1991 through April 1993, 387 consecutive women with a diagnosis of invasive cervical cancer and 392 control women were identified from the outpatient clinics and wards of the Philippine General Hospital in Manila. About 2.9% of women in the general population are esti-mated to harbour cervical HPV-16/18 infection at a given time, and 58.6% of invasive cervical cancers are attributed to HPVs 16 or 18. No, Is the Subject Area "Caries" applicable to this article? All participants gave their written informed consent. The Data Visualizations tool makes it easy for anyone to explore and use the latest official federal government cancer data from United States Cancer Statistics. For HPV detection in the biopsy specimen, the sandwich method was used as described earlier (17). To ensure reproducible results, rigorous molecular analyses were done, with the inclusion of the appropriate controls and cleaning protocols to prevent cross-contamination. Hence, only FFPE specimens were available for analysis until this study was initiated. These observations suggest that tobacco and alcohol may still be the major etiologic agents of HNSCC in northwest Philippines and not HPV [7, 35, 36]. Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new cervical cancer cases have been stable over 2008–2017. Results were expressed as mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of at least 50 beads per set and net MFI values >5 were considered positive [15, 16]. Oral sex is considered "dirty and unnatural" by most Filipinos especially the older and lower-class living in the rural areas. The Use Of General Primers Gp5 And Gp6 Elongated At Their 3' Ends With Adjacent Highly Conserved Sequences Improves Human Papillomavirus Detection By Pcr. HPV16 was the most common type in squamous cell carcinoma (43% of the positives), followed by HPV18 (25%) and HPV45 (14%). Manuscript received May 14, 1997; revised October 16, 1997; accepted October 28, 1997. Dynamics of papillomavirus in vivo disease formation & susceptibility to high-level disinfection-Implications for transmission in clinical settings. There were also about 395,000 new cases of gonorrhea and 23,900 new cases of syphilis. β-globin was co-amplified to determine DNA quality and quantity. The Philippine government complained about her unannounced visit, that shown lack of understanding on the human rights situation in Rodrigo Duterte's ongoing war on drugs. Global Cancer Statistics 2018 396 CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians The profile of cancer, globally and by world region, is built up in GLOBOCAN using the best available sources of cancer incidence and mortality data within a given country; therefore, validity of the national estimates depends on the degree of representativeness and the quality of source infor - mation. All tissue samples were also subjected to a second method of HPV16 and 18 DNA detection, a TaqMan probes-based real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) targeting E6 gene sequences. Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper. Diagnostic Molecular Pathology: A Practical Approach. Association of adenocarcinomacarcinoma of the cervix with risk factors other than human papillomavirus (HPV). Most of these people are in their late teens or... It’s estimated that about 14 million Trusted Source people will newly contract HPV each year. For case subjects, the combined prevalence of HPV DNA (detected in exfoliated cells and in biopsy specimens) is given. STD Surveillance 2018 – Human Papillomavirus (October 8, 2019) Figure 51. However, these data are disseminated throughout miscellaneous sources and are non-standardised. The statistically significant association of risk of squamous cell carcinoma with smoking is intriguing in this population in which the prevalence of smokers is very low (21% of the case subjects and 8% of the control subjects were ever smokers). 21 Recently, the Philippine authorities also approved the use of a 2D schedule for the 4vHPV. Only two of the DNA valid cases (2.4%) were HPV DNA-positive (HPV11 and HPV33). Some cases even engaged in betel nut chewing, tobacco chewing, and/or reverse smoking, which are habits proven to be risk factors for oral cavity cancer [38, 39]. Ex-DOH chief says saliva-based COVID testing a ‘game-changer’ January 20, 2021. Hence, this study aims to provide for the first time a data on the prevalence of HPV in HNSCC in the northwestern region of the Philippines. HPV is so common that nearly all sexually active men and women get the virus at some point in their lives. Department of Pathology and Laboratories, Mariano Marcos Memorial Hospital and Medical Center, Ilocos Norte, Philippines, Affiliation 2) HPV types 16, 18, and 45 are the main cause of adenocarcinomacarcinoma in the Philippines. In squamous cell carcinoma, they ranged from 81 for HPV58 to 506 for HPV16; in adenocarcinomacarcinoma, they ranged from 259 for HPV45 to 948 for HPV18. Yes However, the funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Test Reliability Is Critically Important To Molecular Epidemiology: An Example From Studies Of Human Papillomavirus Infection And Cervical Neoplasia. In 1995, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (6) evaluated all relevant data on the carcinogenicity of HPV and concluded that there was sufficient evidence to categorize HPV types 16 and 18 as human carcinogens but that the existing evidence was limited or inadequate for the other HPV types. View More Health Statistics. Results suggest that HNSCC due to HPV may not yet be a considerable health burden to Filipinos living outside the metropolitan cities. For squamous cell carcinoma, high parity, number of household amenities (as a surrogate of socioeconomic status), and interval since last Pap smear were significantly associated with risk. The design was hospital based, but 57 control subjects were healthy women who were visiting the hospital for reasons other than illness, usually accompanying a sick relative. After histologic review, the cancers in the case subjects were classified as follows: squamous cell carcinoma (n = 344), adenocarcinoma (n = 23), adenosquamous carcinoma (n 4 11), and clear cell carcinoma (n 4 3); histologic slides were not available for six case subjects. HPV attributable fractions (AFs) have been calculated according to standard methods, AF = p (r? Rare cases of progression from RRP to invasive LSCC have been reported earlier [45–47]. 5-year relative survival trends are shown below. One of the cases tested positive for HPV33 DNA but negative for HPV33 E6*1 mRNA. We thank Miss D. Magnin for handling the specimens and Mr. R. Pol for technical assistance. All RNA extracts (n = 26; 11 OPSCC cases and 15 non-OPSCC cases) tested positive for Ubiquitin C (ubC) transcripts, proving good quality of the samples. Statistics. However, the distribution of the various risk factors in these two groups was similar to that of the rest of the control subjects, and their exclusion from the analysis did not change the risk estimates for HPV and other risk factors. Tobacco and heavy alcohol use have been established as main risk factors in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Epidemiologic Evidence Showing That Human Papillomavirus Infection Causes Most Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia. Analysis Of Cytomorphologically Abnormal Cervical Scrapes For The Presence Of 27 Mucosotropic Human Papillomavirus Genotypes, Using Polymerase Chain Reaction. The role of other risk factors after controlling for the strong effect of HPV has been examined in a few studies (1-3). Many countries produce HPV immunisation statistics from administrative data or representative surveys. 2Nd Ed. No, Is the Subject Area "Larynx" applicable to this article? All 22 fresh frozen tissues showed cellular β-globin co-amplification, signifying good DNA quality of the samples. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click Is the Subject Area "Human papillomavirus" applicable to this article? Int J Cancer. Total RNA was isolated from the fresh frozen and FFPE sections using the RNeasy Minikit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) and Pure Link FFPE Total RNA Isolation Kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), respectively. Genetics and genomic medicine in the Philippines. In addition, for those cases for which not enough cell pellet was available as well as for those cases testing negative for HPV in the exfoliated cells, the HPV DNA analysis was done on the corresponding biopsy specimens of these carcinomas. However, the exposures to the risk factors under study of these two groups of women were compared with those of the other hospital control subjects, and no significant differences were found. However, there were some deviations from the protocol. Citation: Albano PM, Holzinger D, Salvador C, Orosa J III, Racelis S, Leaño M, et al. The age-adjusted ORs for squamous cell carcinoma were as follows: HPV type 16, OR = 506; HPV type 18, OR = 276; HPV type 45, OR = 124; and HPV types 51, 52, 58, and 59, ORS = =80. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Inclusion criteria for case subjects were that they had a histologically confirmed cervical cancer (incident case of squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinomacarcinoma) and had not received any treatment. The average time taken to complete the interview was 23 minutes. Human papillomavirus infection (HPV infection) is an infection caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), a DNA virus from the Papillomaviridae family. head and neck cancers; HPV-related statistics; factors contributing to cervical cancer; cervical cancer screening practices; HPV vaccine introduction; and other relevant immunisation indicators. Risk Factors For Cervical Cancer In Thailand: A Case-Control Study. The observed associations of less preva lent HPV types with cervical cancer have important implications for cervi cal cancer prevention strategies. The last three sequences are phylogenetically related to the lowrisk HPV61 and HPV62 (12,13). Large scale epidemiological studies have shown HNC to be more common among men than among women. Number and percentage of human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive case and control subjects and odds ratios (ORs) for association between squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinomacarcinoma of the cervix and HPV types, Table 3. 1)[1 + p (r? Moreover, the prevalence of cytologic abnormalities and HPV positivity in these two groups was very similar to that of the whole group of control subjects. The first hybridization round was performed for HPV types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 54, and 56. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the United States. 63 Other important cofactors include immunosuppression (particularly human immunodeficiency virus), smoking, parity (a higher number of full‐term pregnancies increases risk), and oral contraceptive use. No similar assay for the other HPV types were available. This trend has not been evaluated in the Philippines. Copyright: © 2017 Albano et al. 20 The use of a 3D regimen remains however recommended for use in girls aged 15 y and above. Statistical significance was tested by use of the likelihood ratio test for the difference for dichotomous variables and for two-sided linear trend for variables with logically ordered categories. Human Papillomavirus And Invasive Cervical Cancer In Brazil. Prevalence Of Human Papillomavirus In Cervical Cancer: A Worldwide Perspective. When a similar analysis was performed and was restricted to HPV-positive women only, similar associations were observed, but the tests for trend were statistically significant only for parity and interval since last Pap smear (P = .05 and .001, respectively). Read more . Table 1. Most HPV infections are cleared by the immune system with no symptoms, but some high-risk types of HPV (16 and 18) cause cervical cancer. Trends in the incidence of young-onset colorectal cancer with a focus on years approaching screening age: A population-based longitudinal study, Disparities in cancer survival among adolescents and young adults: a population-based study of 88,000 patients, Deficit Accumulation Frailty Trajectories of Older Breast Cancer Survivors and Non-Cancer Controls: The Thinking and Living with Cancer Study, Cost-Effectiveness of Smoking Cessation Interventions in the Lung Cancer Screening Setting: A Simulation Study, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, Role of Screening History in Clinical Meaning and Optimal Management of Positive Cervical Screening Results, Interactions Between High- and Low-Risk HPV Types Reduce the Risk of Squamous To evaluate the associations of 33 HPV types and other risk factors with squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the cervix, we performed a hospital-based, case-control study in the Philippines. Evidence of cytologic abnormality detected on examination after recruitment was not a criterion for exclusion. Due to the absence of HPV33 E6*1 mRNA in the HPV33 DNA positive case, it can be hypothesized that the HPV33 DNA positivity could have resulted from infection in tumor or adjacent tissue, or even HPV debris in oral HPV infections [13]. The Viral Origin Of Cervical Cancer In Rabat, Morocco. In addition, 57 healthy women who were visiting the hospital for reasons other than illness (usually accompanying outpatients) were included as control subjects. Two main groups of carcinoma were considered for the analysis by histologic type: squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinomacarcinoma. Enzymatic Amplification Of Beta-Globin Genomic Sequences And Restriction Site Analysis For Diagnosis Of Sickle Cell Anemia. The study protocol was cleared by the ethical committee of the International Agency for Research on Cancer and by local ethical committees. Nevertheless, chi-square test of homogeneity generated non-significant p-values for all clinical and epidemiological risk variables, indicating similar distribution between the groups—cases with valid DNA (n = 82) and cases with invalid DNA (n = 81, Table 1). For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. HPV vaccination coverage is available on the National HPV Vaccination Program Register. Thirtytwo (9.9%) specimens from patients with squamous cell carcinoma, two (6.1%) from patients with adenocarcinoma adenosquamous carcinoma, and five (1.3%) from control women had HPVs that could not be typed with the 33 typespecific probes that we used and were classified as HPV X. In: Herrington Cs, Mcgee O, Editors. This TaqMan probes-based real-time qPCR was for the simultaneous detection of shorter amplicons of the HPV16 and 18 E6 genes (∼104bp), and the β-globin housekeeping gene (∼110bp) [18]. The special precautions we took to minimize false-positive results in the PCR have been described in detail elsewhere (12). Of the 163, 82 (50.3%) cases had at least one tissue sample that was valid for molecular analysis. To our knowledge, this is the first case-control study in which the risk linked to specific HPV types has been estimated for adenocarcinomacarcinoma. In contrast, a steady increase in the incidence of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) has been observed especially in the more economically developed countries, with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection as the preeminent risk factor [3, 5]. ORs for other risk factors are given, adjusted for age and for age, HPV, and all variables included in the final model. It can be observed that prevalence of OPSCC in the northwest region of the Philippines was noticeably low, accounting for only about 13.4% of the HNSCC cases. January 20, 2021. Information on risk factors was obtained by personal interview. It has been shown that in countries or regions where there was increasing prevalence of HPV-associated HNSCC, there was likewise parallel increasing incidence of OPSCC[3]. Cervical Cancer, Pooled Analysis of a Self-Sampling HPV DNA Test as a Cervical Cancer Primary Screening Method, Persistence of Type-Specific Human Papillomavirus Infection and Increased Long-term Risk of Cervical Cancer. The HPV mRNA reverse transcription–PCR assay described here is more sensitive than the BSGP5+/6+-PCR/MPG or real-time qPCR as it can detect ≤100 copies of 65-75bp of mRNA per reaction [12]. Some deviations from the protocol could have introduced biases in the selection of control subjects. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. Only 60 (42.6%) among the 141 patients had at least one FFPE block that was positive for β-globin. Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field. Los Alamos (NM): Los Alamos National Laboratory, 1995, Los Alamos (NM): Los Alamos National Laboratory, 1996. For any HPV, the age-adjusted OR for squamous cell carcinoma was 156 and the AF was 93.5%; for adenocarcinomacarcinoma, the OR was 111 and the AF was 91%. Regular Pap tests are the best protection against cervical cancer. Control women were selected to match the expected age distribution of the case subjects and had to fulfill the following inclusion criteria: not to have had conization, hysterectomy, or diseases associated with known risk factors for cervical neoplasia (other anogenital tumors and tumors of the breast, oral cavity, esophagus, lung, bladder, and liver; cardiovascular or cerebrovascular diseases; chronic bronchitis; or emphysema). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172240.t001. In the Philippines, annual incidence rates for laryngeal, oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers are at 1.5, 2.4, and 1.3 per 100,000 population, respectively. In contrast, findings of this study are similar to North-East Italy (HNSCC-6%; OPSCC-20%), Latin America and Central Europe (HNSCC-3.1%), Northern Spain (OPSCC-3.2%), and Senegal and Nigeria of Africa (HNSCC-0 to 3.4%) [18, 27–30]. RRP, a disease characterized by presence of squamous wart-like lesions within the respiratory tract, is caused by the ‘‘low risk” HPV types 6 and 11 [44]. Among control subjects, the HPV DNA prevalence in exfoliated cells was 9.2%. No anomaly in vaccine deal – Duterte. Methods: The study included 356 case subjects who had histologically confirmed cervical cancer (323 incident cases of squamous cell carcinoma and 33 incident cases of adenocarcinomacarcinoma) and 381 control subjects. Type-specific oligonucleotides (30-mers) were selected on the basis of sequence information from the HPV sequence database (14,15) after alignment analysis with the CLUSTAL program (PCRelease 6.7; Intelligenetics, Inc., Mountain View, CA) (16). Tissue sectioning, assessment of tumor content, and molecular analyses were performed at the German Cancer Research Center in Heidelberg, Germany. Other HPV type-specific transcripts were seen in the HPV11 DNA positive sample only (Table 2). Therefore, eventual underrepresentations of HPV types tested in this study are unlikely to be the result of the typing methodology. For instance, a second independent assay targeting a different HPV sequence and shorter amplicons than the BSGP5+/6+ PCR was performed. here. [J Natl Cancer Inst 1998;90:43-9]. To transportation, perceived benefits of vaccination, programme delivery strategy, and six different HPV types 16 and.... Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for HPV-associated cancers among women between and. Will get cervical cancer: a Compilation and analysis of case-control studies other... Women in the Philippines has the fastest growing HIV epidemic in the United States Papillomavirus— the commonly! 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